Sunday, December 18, 2011

As US troops leave Iraq, some ask: Was the war worth it? (The Christian Science Monitor)

Baghdad ? As the American war in Iraq comes to an end, some troops find themselves grappling with a question that has dogged them through multiple deployments: Was the sacrifice worth the price that US forces paid here?

?I?ve had people come to me, ?Why were we there? What did we do? Why did 4,000 die in Iraq? Why did I lose my friend?? ? says Lt. Col. Mark Rowan, an Air Force chaplain who has served 12 deployments and who has counseled troops returning from Iraq. ?We don?t really know the answer to that yet.? 

Commanders say it?s a question that they can?t readily answer, either. ?My opinion about sacrifice is that it?s a very personal thing,? says Maj. Gen. Russell Handy, the senior US Air Force officer in Iraq. To pronounce whether the war was ?worth it,? he says, would mean ?putting words in the mouths of family members? who continue to mourn for loved ones.

IN PICTURES: Leaving Iraq

Beyond those directly connected with the war, few Americans will ever understand the scale of loss for the US military, many here also believe.

It?s ?almost impossible for the American people to comprehend the level of sacrifice? that US troops have made in this war, says Handy.

Defense Secretary Leon Panetta, flying into Baghdad for the official ?close of mission? ceremony Thursday, addressed the troops, as well as the question that many silently ask themselves. 

?To be sure, the cost was high,? he said. But ?those lives were not lost in vain: They gave birth to an independent, free, and sovereign Iraq.? 

US forces who have been working with their Iraqi counterparts up until their last hours here wrestle with whether America did indeed accomplish what it set out to do.

They wonder, too, whether the answer to the war's worthiness hinges on another question ??? the question of, say, whether America won the war.

?We came to give them a democracy,? says Staff Sgt. Donald Rice of the 447th Expeditionary Security Forces Squadron. ?We gave them a chance at democracy. Was 4,400 lives worth the cost of giving them the chance at democracy?? he wonders.

?I?m not going to judge personal sacrifice,? says Handy, ?but I can tell you it?s tremendously important for this country to be stable.? Iraq today has a ?democratically elected and inclusive government,? he adds, and there remains hope for ?what that might mean to the region,? as the Arab Spring enters the winter season.

Rowan, the chaplain, says he has fielded agonized questions from troops, particularly among those who have experienced the heartbreak of losing their comrades.

He recalls presiding at the moment of death of a soldier, a married father of three who was shot while out on a 2009 patrol in northern Iraq. 

?I stayed with him and held his hand,? Rowan says, ?and did all the last rites before he passed.?

When his fellow soldiers learned that he had died, ?they exploded and threw their helmets down.? 

They wondered, too, whether the war was worth this ??? the loss they witnessed again and again. 

Rowan says that sometimes it helps to turn the question around: ?I ask them, 'What do you think you accomplished there? For the Air Force, or outside the base, maybe you were part of a team that got terrorists out of a town. Were people able to live free again?' ?

The point, he says, is to focus on, ?What good did you do there.? For America, for the politicians, he tells them, ?History will decide the rest.?

RECOMMENDED: Iraq after the US: Will it survive?

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Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/iraq/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/csm/20111216/ts_csm/437790

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Saturday, December 17, 2011

This Week's Top Downloads [Download Roundup]

Dec 17, 2011 5:00 PM 2,103 0
  • Google Currents Is a Gorgeous Magazine-Style Newsreader for iOS and Android (iOS/Android) Currents, Google's long-awaited and rumored competitor to apps like Flipboard and Zite, finally launched yesterday, offering Android and iOS users a clean, attractive layout and a fresh way to read blogs, RSS feeds, and other trending news and topics right on your smartphone or tablet for free.
  • Better Explorer Brings a Windows 8-Style Explorer to Windows 7, Ribbon and All (Windows) If you like the look of Windows 8's new version of Windows Explorer, but don't want to use the developer preview, free app Better Explorer brings some of the perks to your Windows 7 desktop.
  • Microsoft's Beloved Note-Taking Tool OneNote Now Available for iPad (iPad) You guys listed OneNote as one of your favorite note taking applications, and today Microsoft finally released an iPad-optimized version of the awesome tool, while adding a tabbed interface, quick note creation, and more.
  • Unstuck Is Your iPad Toolkit for Curing Indecisiveness, Tiredness, Lack of Motivation, and Other Life Issues (iPad) We've all had our "stuck" moments, from the big ("What should I do with my life?") to the everyday ("I'm tired of the same old lunches"). Unstuck is a brilliant app that coaches you through challenges to a better life.
  • PDroid Gives You Control Over the Personal Information Your Android Apps Can Access (Android, rooted) PDroid is a free Android utility that allows you to see and block access by apps on your Android phone to your personal data and individually identifying information. The tool shows you which apps have access to information like your phone number, your Device ID (IMEI/MEID/ESN), SIM serial number, and more, and lets you disable access without breaking the apps in question.
  • Snapheal Performs Complex Photo Touch Ups and Object Removals in Two Clicks (Mac) You're probably well aware that you can use Photoshop to perform touch ups and remove objects, but that comes with the obvious disadvantage of a hefty price tag. Snapheal is a new Mac app that's designed to handle just about every kind of photo touch up you could want, but for far less money.
  • FlashControl Prevents Web Sites Automatically Loading Flash Videos (Chrome) Some sites automatically play Flash videos which can be annoying, troublesome at work, and suck up bandwidth. The Chrome extension FlashControl stops Adobe Flash from loading unless you have authorized a particular site to bypass the restriction.
  • Picasa Now Shares Photos on Google+, Adds More Photo Effects and Side-by-Side Picture Viewing (Web) Picasa 3.9 finally has great integration with Google+, allowing you to easily upload and share photos on the service and tag friends. Even if you don't use Google+, you might want to download the update for new editing features.
  • MyUnity Fixes Annoyances in Ubuntu's Unity Interface (Ubuntu) If you're using the newest versions of Ubuntu, you probably have an annoyance or two with the Unity interface. MyUnity is a system tweaker based around changing Unity's behavior and appearance.
  • iTunes Updates to Version 10.5.2, Fixes iTunes Match and Audio Glitches (Mac/Windows) Today Apple released the latest update to its popular audio and video behemoth to improve performance with their iTunes Match service and general audio glitches experienced by some users. The update is available for download right now, so just run Software Update on your Mac or Windows PC or head on over to Apple to download it from their web site directly.
Related Stories

Source: http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/lifehacker/full/~3/zFCG-C3lcJI/this-weeks-top-downloads

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Shape, fit of reproductive organs evolve quickly and in concert, leaving size behind

Shape, fit of reproductive organs evolve quickly and in concert, leaving size behind [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 15-Dec-2011
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Steve Chaplin
stjchap@iu.edu
812-856-1896
Indiana University

BLOOMINGTON, Ind. -- Believed critical for determining which individuals can -- or cannot -- successfully reproduce with each other, genitalia not only figure prominently in the origin of new species, but are also typically the first type of trait to change as new species form.

Today, new international research led by Indiana University shows that as populations and species diversify, the exact shape and fit of genitalia steals the show over size.

In data gathered from populations isolated for less than 50 years, to species separated for millions of years, researchers studying scarab beetles have shown that both male and female genitalia have evolved extremely rapidly and have done so along parallel timetables. But most surprisingly, this codivergence occurred much faster in, or was even restricted to, genital shape rather than size.

"Parallel evolutionary divergence in male and female genitalia was something scientists long suspected or assumed, but we've had little or no data to support this assumption," said lead author Armin Moczek, an associate professor in the IU Bloomington College of Arts and Sciences' Department of Biology. "But to see that this parallel divergence is so much faster for genital shape than size is a big surprise."

Too much focus in past research on sizes, rather than shapes of genitalia -- which is much harder to measure in arthropods -- may have misled past research in judging how genitalic evolution may enable diverging populations to evolve into separate species unable to hybridize.

Just as interesting is the remarkably short time frame -- as short as populations being separated by 50 years -- that would support the notion that it may be surprisingly easy for the genitalia of males and females to evolve concomitantly, and for males and females of different populations to diverge from each other to a degree approximating what is normally seen only between species separated for more than 10,000 years.

"If it is correct that such divergences aid in establishing reproductive isolation -- something we did not test, but which is widely assumed -- then by extension this finding suggests that evolving new species, or at least getting populations started in the process, may be much easier and faster than we generally assume," Moczek said.

In this research, the team examined the female genital tract and the male copulatory organs of eight populations of five different species of Onthophagus beetles, including three populations in the Eastern U.S., Western Australia and Eastern Australia which were established from an ancestral Mediterranean population in the 1970s as part of a biocontrol program.

The researchers focused on male and female genitalic parts that interact physically during copulation -- the female pygidium, a moveable plate that provides grooves and pits that serve as anchor points for the correct positioning of male genitalia, and the male parameres, part of the male copulatory organ, which includes projections that fit into said grooves and pits of the female pygidium.

The research team then examined how shapes and sizes of these interacting female and male copulatory structures had diverged across populations and species using landmark-based geometric morphometric tools, a key methodology that enabled the team to examine differences in shape irrespective of differences in size.

"Once we compared the patterns of divergence across sexes we found that the relative sizes of male and female copulatory organs do evolve, but do so independent of each other. But for genital shape, we found a striking signature of parallel divergence, suggesting that male and female copulatory structures that are linked mechanically during copulation may diverge in concert with respect to their shapes," Moczek said. "Our results also suggest that genital divergence in general, and co-divergence of male and female genital shape in particular, can evolve over an extraordinarily short time frame."

###

The National Science Foundation's support of Moczek's research in the evolutionary developmental biology of horned beetles has provided much of the infrastructure that enabled this study.

Co-authors with Moczek on the research article "Shape -- but Not Size -- Codivergence Between Male and Female Copulatory Structures in Onthophagus Beetles," first available online here Dec. 14, in PLoS ONE, were Anna L. M. Macagno, Astrid Pizzo, Claudia Palestrini and Antonio Rolando of Universit degli Studi di Torino; and Harald F. Parzer, also of IU's Department of Biology.

For more information, contact Steve Chaplin, Indiana University Communications, at 812-856-1896 or stjchap@iu.edu. Tweeting IU science news: @IndianaScience


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Shape, fit of reproductive organs evolve quickly and in concert, leaving size behind [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 15-Dec-2011
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Steve Chaplin
stjchap@iu.edu
812-856-1896
Indiana University

BLOOMINGTON, Ind. -- Believed critical for determining which individuals can -- or cannot -- successfully reproduce with each other, genitalia not only figure prominently in the origin of new species, but are also typically the first type of trait to change as new species form.

Today, new international research led by Indiana University shows that as populations and species diversify, the exact shape and fit of genitalia steals the show over size.

In data gathered from populations isolated for less than 50 years, to species separated for millions of years, researchers studying scarab beetles have shown that both male and female genitalia have evolved extremely rapidly and have done so along parallel timetables. But most surprisingly, this codivergence occurred much faster in, or was even restricted to, genital shape rather than size.

"Parallel evolutionary divergence in male and female genitalia was something scientists long suspected or assumed, but we've had little or no data to support this assumption," said lead author Armin Moczek, an associate professor in the IU Bloomington College of Arts and Sciences' Department of Biology. "But to see that this parallel divergence is so much faster for genital shape than size is a big surprise."

Too much focus in past research on sizes, rather than shapes of genitalia -- which is much harder to measure in arthropods -- may have misled past research in judging how genitalic evolution may enable diverging populations to evolve into separate species unable to hybridize.

Just as interesting is the remarkably short time frame -- as short as populations being separated by 50 years -- that would support the notion that it may be surprisingly easy for the genitalia of males and females to evolve concomitantly, and for males and females of different populations to diverge from each other to a degree approximating what is normally seen only between species separated for more than 10,000 years.

"If it is correct that such divergences aid in establishing reproductive isolation -- something we did not test, but which is widely assumed -- then by extension this finding suggests that evolving new species, or at least getting populations started in the process, may be much easier and faster than we generally assume," Moczek said.

In this research, the team examined the female genital tract and the male copulatory organs of eight populations of five different species of Onthophagus beetles, including three populations in the Eastern U.S., Western Australia and Eastern Australia which were established from an ancestral Mediterranean population in the 1970s as part of a biocontrol program.

The researchers focused on male and female genitalic parts that interact physically during copulation -- the female pygidium, a moveable plate that provides grooves and pits that serve as anchor points for the correct positioning of male genitalia, and the male parameres, part of the male copulatory organ, which includes projections that fit into said grooves and pits of the female pygidium.

The research team then examined how shapes and sizes of these interacting female and male copulatory structures had diverged across populations and species using landmark-based geometric morphometric tools, a key methodology that enabled the team to examine differences in shape irrespective of differences in size.

"Once we compared the patterns of divergence across sexes we found that the relative sizes of male and female copulatory organs do evolve, but do so independent of each other. But for genital shape, we found a striking signature of parallel divergence, suggesting that male and female copulatory structures that are linked mechanically during copulation may diverge in concert with respect to their shapes," Moczek said. "Our results also suggest that genital divergence in general, and co-divergence of male and female genital shape in particular, can evolve over an extraordinarily short time frame."

###

The National Science Foundation's support of Moczek's research in the evolutionary developmental biology of horned beetles has provided much of the infrastructure that enabled this study.

Co-authors with Moczek on the research article "Shape -- but Not Size -- Codivergence Between Male and Female Copulatory Structures in Onthophagus Beetles," first available online here Dec. 14, in PLoS ONE, were Anna L. M. Macagno, Astrid Pizzo, Claudia Palestrini and Antonio Rolando of Universit degli Studi di Torino; and Harald F. Parzer, also of IU's Department of Biology.

For more information, contact Steve Chaplin, Indiana University Communications, at 812-856-1896 or stjchap@iu.edu. Tweeting IU science news: @IndianaScience


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-12/iu-sfo121511.php

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Vogue Elements Mixed up with Countryside Ideas Present You an Extraordinary Wedding

Vera Wang matches chicken house! How can you refuse? Millen and Lily select the Corson Building in Seattle for their big event and DIY their invitations and theme surrounding the chicken coop which the place possesses. And exclusive settings require distinctive wedding apparel, therefore a Vera Wang design come into being. The ceremony was known as marvelous dress with modest wedding as a result of fabulous peach Vera Wang gown Lily donned (we named it as the Wang to show intimacy). The pictures were shared by one of the couple?s good friend, we could feel this big day was full of handmade details. Look at photograph collection for the specifics!

Our special ceremony was held at one of the most gorgeous sites in Seattle, the Corson Building. Millen and Lily designed the majority of their furnishings by themselves. Millen drew the invitations to complement the Corson Building as well as their chicken coops near the house which they lived in.

?We found seed bombs as wedding favors, personalized for each region of the country the friends came from, along with a taco bar at the end of the wedding ceremony.?The bride told us.

?I performed from the point both of my husband and I were sure about-it was the wedding area, and for this reason, I came up with personal city gardens with the aim that the wedding would feel exclusive and interesting.?

?We celebrated the day by the way of a very fresh chicken coop idea, as the Corson Building had it and I showed fetish for the mean as well.? Lily added, ?Vera Wang style mixed up with chicken coop! And the colors of the wedding were peachy. That was fantastic!?

?We originated a great number of DIY elements in respect of save-the-date card and wedding invitations, colored coffee filter wreaths, painted heart wreaths, ombre colored handkerchiefs, welcome flags, innovative thrilling wedding favors, as well as our cake festoons and its topper.?

During this amazing wedding, Lily still has some tips for girls who are going to have their wedding ceremonies in the near future: Absolutely get your inspiration as much as you can by all the magnificent concepts from blogs or magazines, but do not miss your own style and always make a truthful statement of who you and your prince charming are. Give an honest statement of your tastes and interests. As this coming day does not only mean your day, it is the day which would also make it meaningful for all the present.

Source: http://www.artsyweddingblog.com/vogue-elements-mixed-up-with-countryside-ideas-present-you-an-extraordinary-wedding

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Friday, December 16, 2011

Russia scrambles to save some 100 trapped whales (AP)

MOSCOW ? Russian agencies are scrambling to some 100 beluga whales ? an endangered species ? that are trapped among large chunks of polar ice floating in the frigid Bering Sea.

Russia's nature protection watchdog says there is a chance that the whales might perish. Authorities say the ice is 10-15 centimeters (4-6 inches) thick and is preventing the whales from reaching the open sea where they can swim freely.

Russia's Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology said Thursday that it has asked the Transportation Ministry for help and that an inter-departmental group is working on how to save the whales.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature listed the beluga whale as an endangered species in 2008.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/science/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20111215/ap_on_re_eu/eu_russia_trapped_whales

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Wacom Bamboo Connect CTL470


The Wacom Bamboo Connect is a decent basic drawing tablet that shows how far prices have fallen over the past few years. At just $79.99, it gives you everything you need for simple collaboration or sketch work. But that's it. Thanks to the lack of an eraser or second programmable button on the pen, it's tough to recommend as an actual?drawing tool, and its relative lack of features make it a poor deal overall.

Design, Product Line, and Setup
The Bamboo Connect measures 6.9 by 10.9 by 0.4 inches (HWD). Wacom streamlined the design, but only partially; while it's slimmer, and there are fewer cut lines and buttons than on the older Bamboo Pen?& Touch CTH460 (4 stars), there's now extra space on one side for no appreciable reason. The entire tablet is still made of black plastic, with a glossy plastic bar over the "wasted" space, a blue LED light indicating a live connection, a hard textured surface around the tablet's edges, and a fluorescent green nylon pen holder.

The pleasantly tacky drawing surface measures 5.8 by 3.6 inches, which is the same as before. This time around, you can detach the USB cord, which helps if you need to move the tablet on your desk for some reason, although there's no wireless option on this lowest-cost version.

Speaking of which, Wacom broke the Bamboo line into three new tablets. The Bamboo Connect CTL470 ($79.99) is a basic model intended for collaborating, sketching out ideas, marking up documents, and taking notes. It includes Autodesk SketchBook Express, and is the subject of this review. The?Bamboo Capture CTH470?($99.99, 3.5 stars) adds multi-touch, compatibility with the company's Wireless Option and full versions of Adobe Photoshop Elements and Nik Color Efex Pro Filters, which is a good deal for the software alone. The Bamboo Create CTH670 ($199.99) is a larger version that doubles the size of the drawing area, in order to accommodate broader brush strokes. The Create also adds an eraser to the stylus, and you get a copy of Corel Painter Essentials, plus all of the above software.

All three tablets are compatible with Windows 7, Vista, and XP, as well as Mac OS X 10.5 (Leopard) or later. Installing the Bamboo Connect is dead simple: with your PC booted on and at the Windows desktop, connect the USB cable, insert the bundled DVD, and follow the on-screen instructions. I had no problem installing the Bamboo Connect on a Lenovo ThinkPad L420 Core i3-powered laptop with 8GB RAM and Windows 7 Service Pack 1 installed.

Drawing, Testing, and Conclusions
Wacom has been producing drawing surfaces for the better part of two decades, so even the inexpensive Bamboo Connect works reliably. At 1,024 levels of pressure sensitivity, the Bamboo Connect offers twice the precision as the Pen and Touch, at least in terms of how hard you press down the tip. Otherwise, position accuracy remains about the same as before, which is to say good, if not quite as crisp as the company's higher-priced Intuos and Cintiq lines.

If you've never used a drawing tablet before, be aware it takes some practice. When you bring the pen close to the surface, but don't actually press down, you'll see the cursor move on the screen. That lets you use the pen as a suspended mouse for selecting user interface elements on screen. It also lets you see where you are about to lay ink down. Once you begin pressing the pen tip down on the surface, it begins to draw on the screen. It's not like a mouse, in that it lays down the same length of ink no matter how fast or slow you move the pen. With a mouse, if you move it slowly, it will take more of your actual desk or table to bring the cursor from one side of the screen to the other, depending on how you have the mouse sensitivity calibrated.

On the other hand, the pen's ability to control the cursor without touching the screen means you'll need to expand the drawing surface window to cover the full desktop. Otherwise, you'll constantly select text in other windows or move desktop icons around by accident, unless you're extremely careful (I couldn't pull it off).

Worse, there's no multi-touch on the Bamboo Connect either, unlike with last year's Pen & Touch. All told, that and the lack of an eraser are big downsides, ones that essentially remove the Bamboo Connect's ability to work as a drawing tablet, or as a proper mouse or trackpad substitute. Wacom admits this in the advertising copy, by saying the Connect is for sketching out ideas and collaboration, rather than drawing. But it's still a drawing tablet, and it's still $80 for something that feels artificially crippled. The bundled software is also much less valuable. Manufacturers normally create tiered product lines to give more demanding users incentive to buy the higher-priced models, but in this case it's tough to come up with a compelling reason to buy the Connect.

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/ziffdavis/pcmag/~3/C90bt6wHtk8/0,2817,2397401,00.asp

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Wednesday, December 7, 2011

Powerful NIST detectors on Hawaiian telescope to probe origins of stars, planets and galaxies

Powerful NIST detectors on Hawaiian telescope to probe origins of stars, planets and galaxies [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 6-Dec-2011
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Laura Ost
laura.ost@nist.gov
303-497-4880
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

The world's largest submillimeter camerabased on superconducting technology designed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)is now ready to scan the universe, including faint and faraway parts never seen before.

Watch video slide show on SCUBA-2 at the NIST YouTube channel: http://youtu.be/i25R-SYkKmA

Mounted on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope on Mauna Kea in Hawaii, the NIST technology will help accelerate studies of the origins of stars, planets and galaxies.

The new 4.5-ton SCUBA-2 camera, which contains more than 10,000 of NIST's superconducting sensors, is far more sensitive than its predecessor SCUBA (the highly productive Submillimeter Common-Use Bolometer Array), and will enable astronomers to map the sky hundreds of times faster and with a much larger field of view. SCUBA-2 will produce better images and sky maps, image new targets, and support deeper and broader surveys.

The product of an international research collaboration, SCUBA-2 will image objects ranging from comets in the Earth's solar system to galaxies at the far ends of the universe. The camera is sensitive to objects associated with very cold gas and dust clouds, which absorb visible light (and therefore look black to optical telescopes) but emit the barest whiffs of submillimeter radiationat wavelengths below 1 millimeter, between the microwave and infrared bands. Submillimeter light oscillates at terahertz frequencies, hundreds of times faster than cell phones.

"The submillimeter is the last frontier in astronomical imaging," says NIST physicist Gene Hilton, who developed the fabrication method for the NIST instrument. "It's been very difficult to develop cameras that work at this wavelength, so the submillimeter is largely unexplored. We're excited to see what SCUBA-2 will reveal."

SCUBA-2 complements other observatories. For instance, its ability to quickly carry out large-scale surveys could identify targets for high-resolution studies by the Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array (Alma), an array of radiotelescope dishes recently unveiled in Chile.

The NIST sensors precisely measure submillimeter radiated power using a superconducting metal, molybdenum-copper, that changes resistance in response to heat from radiation. Each tiny but powerful sensor functions as a single pixel in the camera. In sheer numbers of pixels, the NIST instrument is the largest superconducting camera ever made, although its physical size is only about 30 square inches divided into two areas targeting different wavelengths. SCUBA-2 can detect two colors of submillimeter light (at 450 and 850 micrometers).

The NIST sensor arrays are packaged with superconducting amplifiers to boost signal strength. The sensors and amplifiers are cooled to cryogenic temperatures near absolute zero. NIST physicist Kent Irwin, who invented the sensor technology, worked with Hilton and other NIST researchers to develop a way of linking the amplifiers to make large-scale sensor arrays practical, greatly reducing the number of wires between the cryogenic instruments and the room-temperature electronics used to compile the data.

###

SCUBA-2 is a collaboration of the UK Astronomy Technology Centre in Edinburgh, Scotland; NIST; four British and Canadian universities; and the Joint Astronomy Centre in Hawaii, which operates the telescope. For more, see the news announcement "Revolutionary new camera reveals the dark side of the Universe" at www.stfc.ac.uk/News%20and%20Events/38072.aspx.



[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Powerful NIST detectors on Hawaiian telescope to probe origins of stars, planets and galaxies [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 6-Dec-2011
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Laura Ost
laura.ost@nist.gov
303-497-4880
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

The world's largest submillimeter camerabased on superconducting technology designed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)is now ready to scan the universe, including faint and faraway parts never seen before.

Watch video slide show on SCUBA-2 at the NIST YouTube channel: http://youtu.be/i25R-SYkKmA

Mounted on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope on Mauna Kea in Hawaii, the NIST technology will help accelerate studies of the origins of stars, planets and galaxies.

The new 4.5-ton SCUBA-2 camera, which contains more than 10,000 of NIST's superconducting sensors, is far more sensitive than its predecessor SCUBA (the highly productive Submillimeter Common-Use Bolometer Array), and will enable astronomers to map the sky hundreds of times faster and with a much larger field of view. SCUBA-2 will produce better images and sky maps, image new targets, and support deeper and broader surveys.

The product of an international research collaboration, SCUBA-2 will image objects ranging from comets in the Earth's solar system to galaxies at the far ends of the universe. The camera is sensitive to objects associated with very cold gas and dust clouds, which absorb visible light (and therefore look black to optical telescopes) but emit the barest whiffs of submillimeter radiationat wavelengths below 1 millimeter, between the microwave and infrared bands. Submillimeter light oscillates at terahertz frequencies, hundreds of times faster than cell phones.

"The submillimeter is the last frontier in astronomical imaging," says NIST physicist Gene Hilton, who developed the fabrication method for the NIST instrument. "It's been very difficult to develop cameras that work at this wavelength, so the submillimeter is largely unexplored. We're excited to see what SCUBA-2 will reveal."

SCUBA-2 complements other observatories. For instance, its ability to quickly carry out large-scale surveys could identify targets for high-resolution studies by the Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array (Alma), an array of radiotelescope dishes recently unveiled in Chile.

The NIST sensors precisely measure submillimeter radiated power using a superconducting metal, molybdenum-copper, that changes resistance in response to heat from radiation. Each tiny but powerful sensor functions as a single pixel in the camera. In sheer numbers of pixels, the NIST instrument is the largest superconducting camera ever made, although its physical size is only about 30 square inches divided into two areas targeting different wavelengths. SCUBA-2 can detect two colors of submillimeter light (at 450 and 850 micrometers).

The NIST sensor arrays are packaged with superconducting amplifiers to boost signal strength. The sensors and amplifiers are cooled to cryogenic temperatures near absolute zero. NIST physicist Kent Irwin, who invented the sensor technology, worked with Hilton and other NIST researchers to develop a way of linking the amplifiers to make large-scale sensor arrays practical, greatly reducing the number of wires between the cryogenic instruments and the room-temperature electronics used to compile the data.

###

SCUBA-2 is a collaboration of the UK Astronomy Technology Centre in Edinburgh, Scotland; NIST; four British and Canadian universities; and the Joint Astronomy Centre in Hawaii, which operates the telescope. For more, see the news announcement "Revolutionary new camera reveals the dark side of the Universe" at www.stfc.ac.uk/News%20and%20Events/38072.aspx.



[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-12/nios-pnd120611.php

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